|
Kashmir Shaivism is a group of nondualist Tantric Shaiva traditions from Kashmir that originated in the second half of the first millennium.〔(David Peter Lawrence, ''Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy'', Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy )〕 The term is most often used to refer to the Anuttaratrikakula (the school of the highest "Trika" or Triad) philosophy also known as the Pratyabhijna ("Recognition") system expounded by Abhinavagupta (c. 975-1025 C.E.), but also includes the earlier schools of Kapalika and its subschools the Kaula and Krama schools. All these traditions accept the Shaiva Tantras (also called Agamas, c. 9th century CE) as their main scriptures.〔Dyczkowski, Mark; the doctrine of vibration An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism, page 4.〕 The goal of Kashmir Shaivism is to recognize one's already existing identity with Shiva, the deity who represents Universal Consciousness.〔Mishra, K. Kashmir Saivism, The Central Philosophy of Tantrism, , pp. 330-334〕〔Vijnanabhairava verse 109, dh 85, trans. by Jaidev Singh, p.98〕 It is categorized by various scholars as monistic〔Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme, Swami Lakshman Jee, pp. 103〕 idealism, absolute idealism, theistic monism,〔The Trika Śaivism of Kashmir, Moti Lal Pandit〕 realistic idealism,〔The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism, Mark S. G. Dyczkowski, pp. 51〕 transcendental physicalism or concrete monism.〔 ==Moksha - Identity with Shiva== Kashmir Shaivism is a householder religion based on a strong monistic interpretation of the ''Bhairava Tantras'' and its subcategory the ''Kaula Tantras''. There was additionally a revelation of the ''Siva Sutras'' to Vasugupta. Kashmir Saivism claimed to supersede Shaiva Siddhanta, a dualistic tradition which scholars consider normative tantric Shaivism.〔Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.61〕 The Shaiva Siddhanta goal of becoming an ontologically distinct Shiva (through Shiva's grace)〔Flood, Gavin. D. 2006. The Tantric Body. P.122〕 was replaced by recognizing oneself as Shiva who, in Kashmir Saivism's monism, is the entirety of the universe. Kashmir Shaivism describes the contraction (''mala'') of Consciousness (''cit'', Shiva) into phenomenal existence. Liberation (''moksha'') from ''mala'' can be achieved by ''sadhana'', practice, for which Kashmir Shaivism gives four methods (''upāya''), as listed below. # ''Citi'': Universal Consciousness (''citi'') is the fundamental stuff of the universe.〔Consciousness is Everything, The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism, Swami Shankarananda 77-78〕 This Consciousness is one and includes the whole. It could also be called God or Shiva. # ''Mala'': Consciousness contracts itself. The one becomes many. Shiva becomes the individual (''jīva''). This contraction is called ''mala'' (impurity). There are three malas, the mala of individuation (''Āṇava mala''), the mala of the limited mind (''māyīya mala''), and the mala of the body (''karma mala'').〔Kashmir Shaivism, The Central Philosophy of Tantrism, Kamalakar Mishra p284〕〔The Doctrine of Vibration, An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism Mark S.G.Dyczkowski p156〕 # ''Upāya'': An individual caught in the suffering of embodied existence, afflicted by the three malas, eventually yearns to return to his or her primordial state of Universal Consciousness.〔Consciousness is Everything, The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism, Swami Shankarananda 118〕 To attain this, he or she undertakes ''sādhana'' or spiritual practice. Kashmir Shaivism describes four methods (''upāya''-s): ''āṇavopāya'', the method of the body, ''śaktopāya'', the method of the mind, ''śāmbhavopāya'', the method of Consciousness, and ''anupāya'' the ‘methodless’ method.〔 # ''Mokṣa'': The fruit of the individual’s sādhana is the attainment of Self-realisation (''mokṣa''). In Kashmir Shaivism, the state of liberation (''mukti'') is called ''sahaja samādhi'' 〔Consciousness is Everything, The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism, Swami Shankarananda 98,150〕 and is characterised by the attainment of unwavering bliss-consciousness while living one’s ordinary life.〔Kashmir Shaivism, The Central Philosophy of Tantrism, Kamalakar Mishra p179〕〔The Doctrine of Vibration, An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism Mark S.G.Dyczkowski p191〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kashmir Shaivism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|